What was the point of no return?
The point of no return (PNR or PONR) is the point beyond which one must continue on one’s current course of action because turning back is dangerous, physically impossible or difficult, or prohibitively expensive. The point of no return can be a calculated point during a continuous action (such as in aviation).
What does past the point of return mean?
the stage in a process when it is too late to change what you are doing so that you must continue: Once the contract is signed, we’ve reached the point of no return.
What is point of safe return?
The Point of Safe Return (PSR) provides the pilot with the farthest point to which the aircraft can go and be able to return safely to the departure point with adequate holding, approach, landing, and alternate fuel.
How are safe return points calculated?
Point of No Return (AKA point of safe return) These are calculated by dividing the planned cruise fuel flow by the expected ground speeds towards the destination and towards the alternate field, and the result is the fuel required per nautical mile travelled in each direction.
What is critical point in aviation?
The Critical Point (CP), or Equal Time Point (ETP), is when an aircraft is the same flying time from 2 potential en-route diversions. Calculation of appropriate CPs aids decision making when deciding courses of action following a significant event such as an engine failure or on-board medical emergency.
What is point of equal time?
The equal time point is a point along the route from which it takes the same amount of time to return to departure as it would to continue to destination. It is usually computed when planning long, overwater flights. The ETP is not necessarily the midpoint in time from departure to destination.
What is equal time point in aviation?
Why do we overlook the descent phase when calculating point of equal time?
Why do we normally overlook the descend phase when calculating Point of Equal Time (PET)? Because the descend will have an equal effect, whatever destination we decide to proceed to.
What is PNR and CP?
Background information. The critical point/equi-time point (CP/ETP) and ‚point of no return‘ (PNR) are both calculable locations. These locations help determine when or where critical decisions on where to land can be made.
What is CP code Trenitalia?
For purchases made through the Call Center you will be given the booking code (PNR) and, if requested, your Booking Change code (CP) with the indications one the carriage and places assigned. You can also be sent a payment receipt to the e-mail address given, if you request it.
What is safe endurance?
SAFE ENDURANCE. = (TOTAL FUEL AT TAKE-OFF – FIXED RESERVE – TAXI ALLOWANCE – MINUS DEPARTURE POINT HOLDING) ÷ 1.1. Dividing by 1.1 removes the 10% variable reserve.
How do I get a refund from Trenitalia?
A refund request can be made at any ticket office or sent to Trenitalia by filling in the appropriate web form by presenting or attaching your ticket and the necessary documentation to attest to the fact that one of the situations listed above have actually occurred (for example, in the case referred to in letter e).
Are train tickets refundable?
If a confirmed ticket is cancelled in less than 12 hours and up to 4 hours prior to the scheduled departure of the train , the railways deduct 50% of the base fare + GST applicable for all AC classes. In addition , the service charges and transaction charges for booking the tickets are non-refundable.
How do I get a refund on a train ticket online?
You can get a refund by returning your ticket to the place you purchased it. If this was a ticket office, you’ll need to complete a refund application form. If this was over the telephone or the internet, you should return it by post with a covering letter. More information about refunds is available here.
What is Frecciarossa train?
Frecciarossa is a high-speed train of the Italian national train operator, Trenitalia, and a member of the train category Le Frecce. The name, which, if spelled „Freccia rossa“ means „Red arrow“ in English, was introduced in 2009 after it had previously been known as Eurostar Italia.
Who is the owner of Frecciarossa?
In one corner is Trenitalia’s Frecciarossa, Italy’s state-owned TGV, and in the other, the privately owned Italo, which launched in April. It was created by two of Italy’s most powerful businessmen, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, CEO of Ferrari, and Diego Dalle Valle, CEO of Tod’s.
What is the difference between Italo and Frecciarossa?
Frecciarossa trains are the fastest and cover the high-speed Turin-Naples rail line, running through Milan, Bologna, Florence and Rome. Italo trains are similar to Frecciarossa. The only difference is that they are run by a private company, and cannot be found on the Trenitalia website.
Which train is best in Italy?
Trenitalia Frecciarossa: Trenitalia’s Frecciarossa and Frecciarossa 1000 trains are the fastest trains in Italy, reaching top speeds of 300 km/h and 400 km/h respectively. Frecciarossa trains run along 4 routes in Italy: Turin – Milan – Bologna – Florence – Rome – Naples – Salerno.
Which is the fastest train in Italy?
Frecciarossa
Is there a train from Germany to Italy?
Via Train. Germany’s Deutsche Bahn also connects Germany and Italy via train. ÖBB Nightjet trains leaving Munich connect with cities like Verona, Lake Garda, Milan, Florence and Venice. The journey can take as long as 12 hours, so bring comfortable clothes, a few snacks and a book.
How many hours is Germany to Italy?
13 hours, 4 minutes.
How long is a train ride from Germany to Italy?
Germany to Italy by trains. The train journey time between Germany and Italy is around 16h 14m and covers a distance of around 1549 km. The fastest train normally takes 14h 28m.
How long is a train from Germany to Italy?
596 miles
How far is Italy from Germany by car?
Distance between Germany and Italy The driving distance or the travel distance between Germany to Italy is 1376 KM and 345 meters. The mile based, road distance between these two travel point is 855.2 miles.